execve("/usr/bin/polipo", ["polipo", "socksParentProxy=localhost:9050", "localDocumentRoot=", "diskCacheRoot=/root/env/cache/polipo"], [/* 17 vars */]) = 0 brk(0) = 0x8900000 access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) mmap2(NULL, 12288, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f70000 access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=12521, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 12521, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0xb7f6c000 close(3) = 0 access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0\340g\1\0004\0\0\0X\6\24\0\0\0\0\0004\0 \0\n\0(\0C\0B\0\6\0\0\0004\0\0\0004\0\0\0004\0\0\0@\1\0\0@\1\0\0\5\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\3\0\0\0\300\206\22\0\300\206\22\0\300\206\22\0\23\0\0\0\23\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\30\307\23\0\30\307\23\0\5\0\0\0\0\20\0\0\1\0\0\0\370\321\23\0\370\321\23\0\370\321\23\0\204\'\0\0xT\0\0\6\0\0\0\0\20\0\0\2\0\0\0\234\355\23\0\234\355\23\0\234\355\23\0\360\0\0\0\360\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\4\0\0\0t\1\0\0t\1\0\0t\1\0\0 \0\0\0 \0\0\0\4\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\7\0\0\0\370\321\23\0\370\321\23\0\370\321\23\0\10\0\0\0,\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\4\0\0\0P\345td\324\206\22\0\324\206\22\0\324\206\22\0\244+\0\0\244+\0\0\4\0\0\0\4\0\0\0Q\345td\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\4\0\0\0R\345td\370\321\23\0\370\321\23\0\370\321\23\0\10\36\0\0\10\36\0\0\4\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\20\0\0\0\1\0\0\0GNU\0\0\0\0\0\2\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\10\0\0\0\363\3\0\0\t\0\0\0\0\2\0\0\16\0\0\0\2400\20D\200 \2\1\214\3\346\220AE\210\0\204\0\10\0A\200\0@\300\200\0\f\2\f\0\0010\0\10@\"\10\246\4\210H6l\240\0260\0&\204\200\216\4\10B$\2\f\246\244\32\6c\310\0\302 \1\300\0R\0!\201\10\4\n \250\24\0\24(`\0\0P\240\312DB", 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1315024, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 1320560, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x44c000 mmap2(0x589000, 12288, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x13d) = 0x589000 mmap2(0x58c000, 9840, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x58c000 close(3) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f6b000 set_thread_area({entry_number:-1 -> 6, base_addr:0xb7f6b6b0, limit:1048575, seg_32bit:1, contents:0, read_exec_only:0, limit_in_pages:1, seg_not_present:0, useable:1}) = 0 mprotect(0x589000, 8192, PROT_READ) = 0 mprotect(0x60e000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6c000, 12521) = 0 brk(0) = 0x8900000 brk(0x8922000) = 0x8922000 socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 3 close(3) = 0 open("/etc/resolv.conf", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=49, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f6f000 read(3, "search compute-1.internal\nnameserver 172.16.0.23\n", 4096) = 49 close(3) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6f000, 4096) = 0 access("/root/.polipo", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) access("/etc/polipo/config", F_OK) = 0 access("/etc/polipo/config", F_OK) = 0 open("/etc/polipo/config", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=3927, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f6f000 read(3, "# Sample configuration file for Polipo. -*-sh-*-\n\n# You should not need to edit this configuration file; all configuration\n# variables have reasonable defaults.\n\n# This file only contains some of the configuration variables; see the\n# list given by ``polipo -v\'\' and the manual for more.\n\n\n### Basic configuration\n### *******************\n\n# Uncomment one of these if you want to allow remote clients to\n# connect:\n\n# proxyAddress = \"::0\" # both IPv4 and IPv6\n# proxyAddress = \"0.0.0.0\" # IPv4 only\n\n# If you are enabling \'proxyAddress\' above, then you want to enable the\n# \'allowedClients\' variable to the address of your network, e.g.\n# allowedClients = 127.0.0.1, 192.168.42.0/24\n \n# allowedClients = 127.0.0.1 \n\n# Uncomment this if you want your Polipo to identify itself by\n# something else than the host name:\n\n# proxyName = \"polipo.example.org\"\n\n# Uncomment this if there\'s only one user using this instance of Polipo:\n\n# cacheIsShared = false\n\n# Uncomment this if you want to use a parent proxy:\n\n# parentProxy = \"squid.example.org:3128\"\n\n# Uncomment this if you want to use a parent SOCKS proxy:\n\nsocksParentProxy = \"localhost:9050\"\n#socksProxyType = socks5\n\n# disableLocalInterface=true\n\n\n### Memory\n### ******\n\n# Uncomment this if you want Polipo to use a ridiculously small amount\n# of memory (a hundred C-64 worth or so):\n\n# chunkHighMark = 819200\n# objectHighMark = 128\n\n# Uncomment this if you\'ve got plenty of memory:\n\n# chunkHighMark = 50331648\n# objectHighMark = 16384\n\n\n### On-disk data\n### ************\n\n# Uncomment this if you want to disable the on-disk cache:\n\n# diskCacheRoot = \"\"\n\n# Uncomment this if you want to put the on-disk cache in a\n# non-standard location:\n\n# diskCacheRoot = \"~/.polipo-cache/\"\n\n# Uncomment this if you want to disable the local web server:\n\n# localDocumentRoot = \"\"\n\n# Uncomment this if you want to enable the pages under /polipo/index?\n# and /polipo/servers?. This is a serious privacy leak if your proxy\n# is shared.\n\n# disableIndexing = false\n# disableServersList = false\n\n\n### Domain Name System\n### ******************\n\n# Uncomment this if you want to contact IPv4 hosts only (and make DNS\n# queries somewhat faster):\n\n# dnsQueryIPv6 = no\n\n# Uncomment this if you want Polipo to prefer IPv4 to IPv6 for\n# double-stack hosts:\n\n# dnsQueryIPv6 = reluctantly\n\n# Uncomment this to disable Polipo\'s DNS resolver and use the system\'s\n# default resolver instead. If you do that, Polipo will freeze during\n# every DNS query:\n\n# dnsUseGethostbyname = yes\n\n\n### HTTP\n### ****\n\n# Uncomment this if you want to enable detection of proxy loops.\n# This will cause your hostname (or whatever you put into proxyName\n# above) to be included in every request:\n\n# disableVia=false\n\n# Uncomment this if you want to slightly reduce the amount of\n# information that you leak about yourself:\n\n# censoredHeaders = from, accept-language\n# censorReferer = maybe\n\n# Uncomment this if you\'re paranoid. This will break a lot of sites,\n# though:\n\n# censoredHeaders = set-cookie, cookie, cookie2, from, accept-language\n# censorReferer = true\n\n# Uncomment this if you want to use Poor Man\'s Multiplexing; increase\n# the sizes if you\'re on a fast line. They should each amount to a few\n# seconds\' worth of transfer; if pmmSize is small, you\'ll want\n# pmmFirstSize to be larger.\n\n# Note that PMM is somewhat unreliable.\n\n# pmmFirstSize = 16384\n# pmmSize = 8192\n\n# Uncomment this if your user-agent does something reasonable with\n# Warning headers (most don\'t):\n\n# relaxTransparency = maybe\n\n# Uncomment this if you never want to revalidate instances for which\n# data is available (this is not a good idea):\n\n# relaxTransparency = yes\n\n# Uncomment this if you have no network:\n\n# proxyOffline = yes\n\n# Uncomment this if you want to avoid revalidating instances with a\n# Vary header (this is not a good idea):\n\n# mindlesslyCacheVary = true\n", 4096) = 3927 read(3, "", 4096) = 0 close(3) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6f000, 4096) = 0 sysinfo({uptime=13023377, loads=[8096, 1984, 608] totalram=1789710336, freeram=308715520, sharedram=0, bufferram=170409984} totalswap=939515904, freeswap=939462656, procs=47}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 135168, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f4a000 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGTERM, {0x804aa7a, [], 0}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGHUP, {0x804aa7a, [], 0}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGINT, {0x804aa7a, [], 0}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGUSR1, {0x804aa7a, [], 0}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGUSR2, {0x804aa7a, [], 0}, NULL, 8) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709753, 985404}, NULL) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 131072, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f2a000 uname({sys="Linux", node="domU-12-31-39-01-5D-98", ...}) = 0 getpid() = 23219 open("/etc/resolv.conf", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=49, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f6f000 read(3, "search compute-1.internal\nnameserver 172.16.0.23\n", 4096) = 49 read(3, "", 4096) = 0 close(3) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6f000, 4096) = 0 stat64("/etc/resolv.conf", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=49, ...}) = 0 open("/etc/resolv.conf", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=49, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f6f000 read(3, "search compute-1.internal\nnameserver 172.16.0.23\n", 4096) = 49 read(3, "", 4096) = 0 close(3) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6f000, 4096) = 0 socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_STREAM, 0) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 connect(3, {sa_family=AF_FILE, path="/var/run/nscd/socket"}, 110) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) close(3) = 0 socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_STREAM, 0) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 connect(3, {sa_family=AF_FILE, path="/var/run/nscd/socket"}, 110) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) close(3) = 0 open("/etc/nsswitch.conf", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=475, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f6f000 read(3, "# /etc/nsswitch.conf\n#\n# Example configuration of GNU Name Service Switch functionality.\n# If you have the `glibc-doc-reference\' and `info\' packages installed, try:\n# `info libc \"Name Service Switch\"\' for information about this file.\n\npasswd: compat\ngroup: compat\nshadow: compat\n\nhosts: files dns\nnetworks: files\n\nprotocols: db files\nservices: db files\nethers: db files\nrpc: db files\n\nnetgroup: nis\n", 4096) = 475 read(3, "", 4096) = 0 close(3) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6f000, 4096) = 0 open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=12521, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 12521, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0xb7f6c000 close(3) = 0 access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/libnss_files.so.2", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0\320\30\0\0004\0\0\0\254\221\0\0\0\0\0\0004\0 \0\10\0(\0\34\0\33\0\6\0\0\0004\0\0\0004\0\0\0004\0\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\1\0\0\5\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\3\0\0\0\314\202\0\0\314\202\0\0\314\202\0\0\23\0\0\0\23\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\224\207\0\0\224\207\0\0\5\0\0\0\0\20\0\0\1\0\0\0\350\216\0\0\350\236\0\0\350\236\0\0\310\1\0\0\260\3\0\0\6\0\0\0\0\20\0\0\2\0\0\0\374\216\0\0\374\236\0\0\374\236\0\0\340\0\0\0\340\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\4\0\0\0004\1\0\0004\1\0\0004\1\0\0 \0\0\0 \0\0\0\4\0\0\0\4\0\0\0Q\345td\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\4\0\0\0R\345td\350\216\0\0\350\236\0\0\350\236\0\0\30\1\0\0\30\1\0\0\4\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\20\0\0\0\1\0\0\0GNU\0\0\0\0\0\2\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\10\0\0\0k\0\0\0.\0\0\0\20\0\0\0\t\0\0\0\"F\340\24\240\240\245\1\31\10\200\20\203\6\212\10\0\0\222@]\1(\nx\10 \"\220\200\20,\5\1\204\4)!\0224\0\24\0\31\0\0\2\2\210@\0\200@0\210\201@@\200\0B\0\6\300.\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0/\0\0\0000\0\0\0001\0\0\0002\0\0\0003\0\0\0\0\0\0\0004\0\0\0\0\0\0\0005\0\0\0007\0\0\0008\0\0\0\0\0\0\0:\0\0\0\0\0\0\0;\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0", 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38412, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 41624, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0xd09000 mmap2(0xd12000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x8) = 0xd12000 close(3) = 0 mprotect(0xd12000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6c000, 12521) = 0 open("/etc/host.conf", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=92, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f6f000 read(3, "# The \"order\" line is only used by old versions of the C library.\norder hosts,bind\nmulti on\n", 4096) = 92 read(3, "", 4096) = 0 close(3) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6f000, 4096) = 0 open("/etc/hosts", O_RDONLY|0x80000 /* O_??? */) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_GETFD) = 0 fcntl64(3, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) = 0 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=243, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f6f000 read(3, "127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost\n\n# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts\n::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback\nfe00::0 ip6-localnet\nff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix\nff02::1 ip6-allnodes\nff02::2 ip6-allrouters\nff02::3 ip6-allhosts\n", 4096) = 243 read(3, "", 4096) = 0 close(3) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6f000, 4096) = 0 open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=12521, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 12521, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0xb7f6c000 close(3) = 0 access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/libnss_dns.so.2", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0\300\v\0\0004\0\0\0|A\0\0\0\0\0\0004\0 \0\10\0(\0\34\0\33\0\6\0\0\0004\0\0\0004\0\0\0004\0\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\1\0\0\5\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\3\0\0\0\3122\0\0\3122\0\0\3122\0\0\23\0\0\0\23\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2744\0\0\2744\0\0\5\0\0\0\0\20\0\0\1\0\0\0\344>\0\0\344N\0\0\344N\0\0\234\1\0\0\244\1\0\0\6\0\0\0\0\20\0\0\2\0\0\0\370>\0\0\370N\0\0\370N\0\0\350\0\0\0\350\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\4\0\0\0004\1\0\0004\1\0\0004\1\0\0 \0\0\0 \0\0\0\4\0\0\0\4\0\0\0Q\345td\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\4\0\0\0R\345td\344>\0\0\344N\0\0\344N\0\0\34\1\0\0\34\1\0\0\4\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\20\0\0\0\1\0\0\0GNU\0\0\0\0\0\2\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\10\0\0\0\r\0\0\0!\0\0\0\2\0\0\0\6\0\0\0M\1\6\3\1\302\10\21\0\0\0\0!\0\0\0\"\0\0\0#\0\0\0\0\0\0\0$\0\0\0%\0\0\0\0\0\0\0&\0\0\0\'\0\0\0(\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\1\222\206\321Yl\251\344)\316gq\31h\251\344\307\20\250\357\357L\211\217a\242\222\6\274\313\17\272\223\20X\2\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\234\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\22\0\0\0u\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\22\0\0\0&\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0", 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=17884, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 20616, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0xc96000 mmap2(0xc9a000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x3) = 0xc9a000 close(3) = 0 access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/libresolv.so.2", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0`!\0\0004\0\0\0\310\362\0\0\0\0\0\0004\0 \0\10\0(\0\35\0\34\0\6\0\0\0004\0\0\0004\0\0\0004\0\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\1\0\0\5\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\3\0\0\0\300\331\0\0\300\331\0\0\300\331\0\0\23\0\0\0\23\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0X\340\0\0X\340\0\0\5\0\0\0\0\20\0\0\1\0\0\0X\352\0\0X\372\0\0X\372\0\0h\7\0\0l.\0\0\6\0\0\0\0\20\0\0\2\0\0\0\0\357\0\0\0\377\0\0\0\377\0\0\340\0\0\0\340\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\4\0\0\0004\1\0\0004\1\0\0004\1\0\0 \0\0\0 \0\0\0\4\0\0\0\4\0\0\0Q\345td\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\4\0\0\0R\345tdX\352\0\0X\372\0\0X\372\0\0\250\5\0\0\250\5\0\0\4\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\20\0\0\0\1\0\0\0GNU\0\0\0\0\0\2\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\10\0\0\0\235\0\0\0<\0\0\0\20\0\0\0\t\0\0\0\244RH\260<\23\340\6\200\4\24\227\221\3\366\225\2@\20\0B\201\205A\20\6\30@A\20U\205\0B\0@\220\204\10\n\0J\0\25\4\21\200\2$\210\4\4P\220\0\2\"]\260D\4\221\t\31<\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0=\0\0\0?\0\0\0@\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0A\0\0\0C\0\0\0D\0\0\0E\0\0\0\0\0\0\0F\0\0\0G\0\0\0\0\0\0\0I\0\0\0\0\0\0\0", 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=63312, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 75972, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0xdc1000 mmap2(0xdd0000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0xe) = 0xdd0000 mmap2(0xdd2000, 6340, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xdd2000 close(3) = 0 mprotect(0xdd0000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 mprotect(0xc9a000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6c000, 12521) = 0 stat64("/etc/resolv.conf", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=49, ...}) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709753, 990393}, NULL) = 0 socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 3 connect(3, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(53), sin_addr=inet_addr("172.16.0.23")}, 28) = 0 fcntl64(3, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(3, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709753, 990672}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLOUT, revents=POLLOUT}], 1, 0) = 1 send(3, "l\300\1\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\26domU-12-31-39-01-5D-98\tcompute-1\10internal\0\0\1\0\1", 59, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 59 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN, revents=POLLIN}], 1, 5000) = 1 ioctl(3, FIONREAD, [75]) = 0 recvfrom(3, "l\300\201\200\0\1\0\1\0\0\0\0\26domU-12-31-39-01-5D-98\tcompute-1\10internal\0\0\1\0\1\300\f\0\1\0\1\0\0\240x\0\4\n\377bf", 1024, 0, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(53), sin_addr=inet_addr("172.16.0.23")}, [16]) = 75 close(3) = 0 stat64("/etc/resolv.conf", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=49, ...}) = 0 open("/etc/hosts", O_RDONLY|0x80000 /* O_??? */) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_GETFD) = 0 fcntl64(3, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) = 0 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=243, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f6f000 read(3, "127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost\n\n# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts\n::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback\nfe00::0 ip6-localnet\nff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix\nff02::1 ip6-allnodes\nff02::2 ip6-allrouters\nff02::3 ip6-allhosts\n", 4096) = 243 read(3, "", 4096) = 0 close(3) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6f000, 4096) = 0 stat64("/etc/resolv.conf", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=49, ...}) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709753, 992161}, NULL) = 0 socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 3 connect(3, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(53), sin_addr=inet_addr("172.16.0.23")}, 28) = 0 fcntl64(3, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(3, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709753, 992383}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLOUT, revents=POLLOUT}], 1, 0) = 1 send(3, "\r\33\1\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\003102\00298\003255\00210\7in-addr\4arpa\0\0\f\0\1", 44, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 44 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN, revents=POLLIN}], 1, 5000) = 1 ioctl(3, FIONREAD, [99]) = 0 recvfrom(3, "\r\33\201\200\0\1\0\1\0\0\0\0\003102\00298\003255\00210\7in-addr\4arpa\0\0\f\0\1\300\f\0\f\0\1\0\0\240\210\0+\26domU-12-31-39-01-5D-98\tcompute-1\10internal\0", 1024, 0, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(53), sin_addr=inet_addr("172.16.0.23")}, [16]) = 99 close(3) = 0 stat64("/root/env/cache/polipo/", {st_mode=S_IFDIR|0755, st_size=4096, ...}) = 0 access("/root/.polipo-forbidden", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) access("/etc/polipo/forbidden", F_OK) = 0 stat64("/etc/polipo/forbidden", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=450, ...}) = 0 open("/etc/polipo/forbidden", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=450, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f6f000 read(3, "# Sample forbidden URLs file for polipo. -*-sh-*-\n# Put this in /etc/polipo/forbidden or in ~/.polipo-forbidden.\n\n# Forbid all hosts belonging to a given domain name:\n\n#counter.com\n#hitbox.com\n#doubleclick.net\n#www.cashcount.com\n\n# Forbid all hosts contaning a string matching a given regex. Note\n# that you need to quote dots, so that a regex is not misinterpreted\n# as a domain name.\n\n#^http://[^/]*counter\\.com\n#/ads/\n#/phpAdsNew\n#counting\\.php\n", 4096) = 450 read(3, "", 4096) = 0 close(3) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6f000, 4096) = 0 access("/root/.polipo-uncachable", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) access("/etc/polipo/uncachable", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 3 setsockopt(3, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, [1], 4) = 0 bind(3, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(8123), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, 16) = 0 fcntl64(3, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(3, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 listen(3, 32) = 0 write(2, "Established listening socket on port 8123.\n", 43) = 43 gettimeofday({1236709753, 994116}, NULL) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709753, 994166}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}], 1, 1500000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709760, 956306}, NULL) = 0 accept(3, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(59718), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, [16]) = 4 fcntl64(4, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(4, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 setsockopt(4, SOL_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, [1], 4) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709760, 956561}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}], 2, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709760, 956713}, NULL) = 0 read(4, "GET http://duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion/fedpapers/federa35.htm HTTP/1.1\r\nUser-Agent: curl/7.18.2 (i486-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.18.2 OpenSSL/0.9.8g zlib/1.2.3.3 libidn/1.8\r\nHost: duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion\r\nAccept: */*\r\nProxy-Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n\r\n", 4096) = 241 open("/root/env/cache/polipo/duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion/jmf8Y9FpWO+NkxApMgVKjQ==", O_RDWR) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 5 fcntl64(5, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(5, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 connect(5, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(9050), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, 16) = -1 EINPROGRESS (Operation now in progress) gettimeofday({1236709760, 957224}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709760, 957311}, NULL) = 0 connect(5, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(9050), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, 16) = 0 setsockopt(5, SOL_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, [1], 4) = 0 write(5, "\5\1\0", 3) = 3 gettimeofday({1236709760, 957542}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709760, 957625}, NULL) = 0 read(5, "\5\0", 8) = 2 write(5, "\5\1\0\3\26duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion\0P", 29) = 29 gettimeofday({1236709760, 958049}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709765, 544589}, NULL) = 0 read(5, "\5\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0", 10) = 10 write(5, "GET /fedpapers/federa35.htm HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion\r\nUser-Agent: curl/7.18.2 (i486-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.18.2 OpenSSL/0.9.8g zlib/1.2.3.3 libidn/1.8\r\nAccept: */*\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\n\r\n", 206) = 206 gettimeofday({1236709765, 544947}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709766, 866680}, NULL) = 0 read(5, "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:25 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nConnection: close\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Federalist #35\r\n\r\n
\r\n

The Federalist No. 35

\r\n

Concerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)

\r\n

Indep", 4096) = 498 open("/etc/localtime", O_RDONLY) = 6 fstat64(6, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 fstat64(6, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f6f000 read(6, "TZif2\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\0\0\0UTC\0\0\0TZif2\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\4\0\0\0\0\0\0UTC\0\0\0\nUTC0\n", 4096) = 118 _llseek(6, -6, [112], SEEK_CUR) = 0 read(6, "\nUTC0\n", 4096) = 6 close(6) = 0 munmap(0xb7f6f000, 4096) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 writev(4, [{"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:25 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nAge: 1\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\n\r\n", 256}, {"\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Federalist #35\r\n\r\n
\r\n

The Federalist No. 35

\r\n

Concerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)

\r\n

Indep", 255}], 2) = 511 gettimeofday({1236709766, 867753}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709766, 959090}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"endent Journal
Saturday, January 5, 1788
[Alexander\r\nHamilton]

\r\n

To the People of the State of New York:

\r\n

BEFORE we\r\nproceed to examine any other objections to an indefinite power of taxation in\r\nthe Union, I shall make one general remark; which is, that if the jurisdiction\r\nof the national government, in the article of revenue, should be restricted to\r\nparticular objects, it would naturally 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3841}, {"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:25 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nConnection: close\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Federalist #35\r\n\r\n

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The Federalist No. 35

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Concerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)

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4096}], 2) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709766, 961763}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709766, 961847}, NULL) = 0 write(4, "endent Journal
Saturday, January 5, 1788
[Alexander\r\nHamilton]

\r\n

To the People of the State of New York:

\r\n

BEFORE we\r\nproceed to examine any other objections to an indefinite power of taxation in\r\nthe Union, I shall make one general remark; which is, that if the jurisdiction\r\nof the national government, in the article of revenue, should be restricted to\r\nparticular objects, it would naturally occa", 498) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709766, 962018}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709766, 981655}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"sion an undue proportion of the\r\npublic burdens to fall upon those objects. Two evils would spring from this\r\nsource: the oppression of particular branches of industry; and an unequal\r\ndistribution of the taxes, as well among the several States as among the\r\ncitizens of the same State.

\r\n

Suppose, as has been contended for, the federal power of\r\ntaxation were to be confined to duties on imports, it is evident that the\r\ngovernment, for want of being able to command other 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3343}, {"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:25 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nConnection: close\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Federalist #35\r\n\r\n

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The Federalist No. 35

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Concerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)

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4096}], 2) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709766, 984407}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709766, 984508}, NULL) = 0 write(4, "sion an undue proportion of the\r\npublic burdens to fall upon those objects. Two evils would spring from this\r\nsource: the oppression of particular branches of industry; and an unequal\r\ndistribution of the taxes, as well among the several States as among the\r\ncitizens of the same State.

\r\n

Suppose, as has been contended for, the federal power of\r\ntaxation were to be confined to duties on imports, it is evident that the\r\ngovernment, for want of being able to command other r", 498) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709766, 984685}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 138887}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"esources, would frequently\r\nbe tempted to extend these duties to an injurious excess. There are persons who\r\nimagine that they can never be carried to too great a length; since the higher\r\nthey are, the more it is alleged they will tend to discourage an extravagant\r\nconsumption, to produce a favorable balance of trade, and to promote domestic\r\nmanufactures. But all extremes are pernicious in various ways. 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charset=iso-8859-1\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:25 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nConnection: close\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Federalist #35\r\n\r\n

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The Federalist No. 35

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Concerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)

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4096}], 2) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709767, 141221}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 141307}, NULL) = 0 write(4, "esources, would frequently\r\nbe tempted to extend these duties to an injurious excess. There are persons who\r\nimagine that they can never be carried to too great a length; since the higher\r\nthey are, the more it is alleged they will tend to discourage an extravagant\r\nconsumption, to produce a favorable balance of trade, and to promote domestic\r\nmanufactures. But all extremes are pernicious in various ways. Exorbitant duties\r\non imported articles would beget a general spirit of smuggling; which ", 498) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709767, 141508}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 160491}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"is always\r\nprejudicial to the fair trader, and eventually to the revenue itself: they tend\r\nto render other classes of the community tributary, in an improper degree, to\r\nthe manufacturing classes, to whom they give a premature monopoly of the\r\nmarkets; they sometimes force industry out of its more natural channels into\r\nothers in which it flows with less advantage; and in the last place, they\r\noppress the merchant, who is often obliged to pay them himself without any\r\nretribution from the consumer. When the demand is equal to the quantity of goods\r\nat market, the consumer generally pays the duty; but when the markets happen to\r\nbe overstocked, a great proportion falls upon the merchant, and sometimes not\r\nonly exhausts his profits, but breaks in upon his capital. I am apt to think\r\nthat a division of the duty, between the seller and the buyer, more often\r\nhappens than is commonly imagined. It is not always possible to raise the price\r\nof a commodity in exact proportion to every additional imposition laid upon it.\r\nThe merchant, especially in a country of small commercial capital, is often\r\nunder a necessity of keeping prices down in order to a more expeditious sale.

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The maxim that the consumer is the payer, is so much\r\noftener true than the reverse of the proposition, that it is far more equitable\r\nthat the duties on imports should go into a common stock, than that they should\r\nredound to the exclusive benefit of the importing States. But it is not so\r\ngenerally true as to render it equitable, that those duties should form the only\r\nnational fund. When they are paid by the merchant they operate as an additional\r\ntax upon the importing State, whose citizens pay their proportion of them in the\r\ncharacter of consumers. In this view they are productive of inequality among the\r\nStates; which inequality would be increased with the increased extent of the\r\nduties. The confinement of the national revenues to this species of imposts\r\nwould b\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0", 2347}, {"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:25 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nConnection: close\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Federalist #35\r\n\r\n

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The Federalist No. 35

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Concerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)

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4096}], 2) = 1992 gettimeofday({1236709767, 162416}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 162500}, NULL) = 0 write(4, "is always\r\nprejudicial to the fair trader, and eventually to the revenue itself: they tend\r\nto render other classes of the community tributary, in an improper degree, to\r\nthe manufacturing classes, to whom they give a premature monopoly of the\r\nmarkets; they sometimes force industry out of its more natural channels into\r\nothers in which it flows with less advantage; and in the last place, they\r\noppress the merchant, who is often obliged to pay them himself without any\r\nretribution from the consumer. When the demand is equal to the quantity of goods\r\nat market, the consumer generally pays the duty; but when the markets happen to\r\nbe overstocked, a great proportion falls upon the merchant, and sometimes not\r\nonly exhausts his profits, but breaks in upon his capital. I am apt to think\r\nthat a division of the duty, between the seller and the buyer, more often\r\nhappens than is commonly imagined. It is not always possible to raise the price\r\nof a commodity in exact proportion to every additional imposition laid upon it.\r\nThe merchant, especially in a country of small commercial capital, is often\r\nunder a necessity of keeping prices down in order to a more expeditious sale.

\r\n

The maxim that the consumer is the payer, is so much\r\noftener true than the reverse of the proposition, that it is far more equitable\r\nthat the duties on imports should go into a common stock, than that they should\r\nredound to the exclusive benefit of the importing States. But it is not so\r\ngenerally true as to render it equitable, that those duties should form the only\r\nnational fund. When they are paid by the merchant they operate as an additional\r\ntax upon the importing State, whose citizens pay their proportion of them in the\r\ncharacter of consumers. In this view they are productive of inequality among the\r\nStates; which inequality would be increased with the increased extent of the\r\nduties. The confinement of the national revenues to this species of imposts\r\nwould b", 1992) = 1992 gettimeofday({1236709767, 162920}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 234456}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"e attended with inequality, from a different cause, between the\r\nmanufacturing and the non-manufacturing States. The States which can go farthest\r\ntowards the supply of their own wants, by their own manufactures, will not,\r\naccording to their numbers or wealth, consume so great a proportion of imported\r\narticles as those States which are not in the same", 355}, {" favorable situation. They\r\nwould not, therefore, in this mode alone contribute to the public treasury in a\r\nratio to their abilities. To make d: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nConnection: close\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Federalist #35\r\n\r\n

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The Federalist No. 35

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Concerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)

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4096}], 2) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709767, 235947}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 236035}, NULL) = 0 writev(4, [{"e attended with inequality, from a different cause, between the\r\nmanufacturing and the non-manufacturing States. The States which can go farthest\r\ntowards the supply of their own wants, by their own manufactures, will not,\r\naccording to their numbers or wealth, consume so great a proportion of imported\r\narticles as those States which are not in the same", 355}, {" favorable situation. They\r\nwould not, therefore, in this mode alone contribute to the public treasury in a\r\nratio to their abilities. To make ", 143}], 2) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709767, 236262}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 256057}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"them do this it is necessary that recourse be\r\nhad to excises, the proper objects of which are particular kinds of\r\nmanufactures. New York is more deeply interested in these considerations than\r\nsuch of her citizens as contend for limiting the power of the Union to external\r\ntaxation may be aware of. New York is an importing State, and is not likely\r\nspeedily to be, to any great extent, a manufacturing State. She would, of\r\ncourse, suffer in a double light from restraining the jurisdiction of 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4096}], 2) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709767, 258803}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 258888}, NULL) = 0 write(4, "them do this it is necessary that recourse be\r\nhad to excises, the proper objects of which are particular kinds of\r\nmanufactures. New York is more deeply interested in these considerations than\r\nsuch of her citizens as contend for limiting the power of the Union to external\r\ntaxation may be aware of. New York is an importing State, and is not likely\r\nspeedily to be, to any great extent, a manufacturing State. She would, of\r\ncourse, suffer in a double light from restraining the jurisdiction of ", 498) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709767, 259100}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 553794}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"the Union\r\nto commercial imposts.

\r\n

So far as these observations tend to inculcate a danger of\r\nthe import duties being extended to an injurious extreme it may be observed,\r\nconformably to a remark made in another part of these papers, that the interest\r\nof the revenue itself would be a sufficient guard against such an extreme. I\r\nreadily admit that this would be the case, as long as other resources were open;\r\nbut if the avenues to them were closed, HOPE, stimulated\r\nby necessity, would beget experiments, fortified by rigorous precautions and\r\nadditional penalties, which, for a time, would have the intended effect, till\r\nthere had been leisure to contrive expedients to elude these new precautions.\r\nThe first success would be apt to inspire false opinions, which it might require\r\na long course of subsequent experience to correct. Necessity, especially in\r\npolitics, often occasions false hopes, false reasonings, and a system of\r\nmeasures correspondingly erroneous. But even if this supposed excess should not\r\nbe a consequence of the limitation of the federal power of taxation, the\r\ninequalities spoken of would still ensue, though not in the same degree, from\r\nthe other causes that have been noticed. Let us now return to the examination of\r\nobjections.

\r\n

One which, if we may judge from the frequency of its\r\nrepetition, seems most to be relied on, is, that the House of Representatives is\r\nnot sufficiently numerous for the reception of all the different classes of\r\ncitizens, in order to combine the interests and feelings of every part of the\r\ncommunity, and to produce a due sympathy between the representative body and its\r\nconstituents. This argument presents itself under a very specious and seducing\r\nform; and is well calculated to lay hold of the prejudices of those to whom it\r\nis addressed. But when we come to dissect it with attention, it will appear to\r\nbe made up of nothing but fair-sounding words. The object it seems to aim at is,\r\nin the first place, impracticable, and in the sense in which it is contended\r\nfor, is unnecessary. I reserve for another place the discussion of the question\r\nwhich relates to the sufficiency of the representative body in respect to\r\nnumbers, and shall content myself with examining here the particular use which\r\nhas been made of a contrary supposition, in reference to the immediate subject\r\nof our inquiries.

\r\n

The idea of an actual representation of all classes of the\r\npeople, by persons of each class, is altogether visionary. Unless it were\r\nexpressly provided in the Constitution, that each different occupation should\r\nsend one or more members, the thing would never take place in practice.\r\nMechanics and manufacturers will always be inclined, with few exceptions, to\r\ngive their votes to merchants, in preference to persons of their own professions\r\nor trades. Those discerning citizens are well aware that the mechan\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0", 3455}, {"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:25 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nAge: 1\r\nConnection: 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4096}], 2) = 2988 gettimeofday({1236709767, 556012}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 556097}, NULL) = 0 write(4, "the Union\r\nto commercial imposts.

\r\n

So far as these observations tend to inculcate a danger of\r\nthe import duties being extended to an injurious extreme it may be observed,\r\nconformably to a remark made in another part of these papers, that the interest\r\nof the revenue itself would be a sufficient guard against such an extreme. I\r\nreadily admit that this would be the case, as long as other resources were open;\r\nbut if the avenues to them were closed, HOPE, stimulated\r\nby necessity, would beget experiments, fortified by rigorous precautions and\r\nadditional penalties, which, for a time, would have the intended effect, till\r\nthere had been leisure to contrive expedients to elude these new precautions.\r\nThe first success would be apt to inspire false opinions, which it might require\r\na long course of subsequent experience to correct. Necessity, especially in\r\npolitics, often occasions false hopes, false reasonings, and a system of\r\nmeasures correspondingly erroneous. But even if this supposed excess should not\r\nbe a consequence of the limitation of the federal power of taxation, the\r\ninequalities spoken of would still ensue, though not in the same degree, from\r\nthe other causes that have been noticed. Let us now return to the examination of\r\nobjections.

\r\n

One which, if we may judge from the frequency of its\r\nrepetition, seems most to be relied on, is, that the House of Representatives is\r\nnot sufficiently numerous for the reception of all the different classes of\r\ncitizens, in order to combine the interests and feelings of every part of the\r\ncommunity, and to produce a due sympathy between the representative body and its\r\nconstituents. This argument presents itself under a very specious and seducing\r\nform; and is well calculated to lay hold of the prejudices of those to whom it\r\nis addressed. But when we come to dissect it with attention, it will appear to\r\nbe made up of nothing but fair-sounding words. The object it seems to aim at is,\r\nin the first place, impracticable, and in the sense in which it is contended\r\nfor, is unnecessary. I reserve for another place the discussion of the question\r\nwhich relates to the sufficiency of the representative body in respect to\r\nnumbers, and shall content myself with examining here the particular use which\r\nhas been made of a contrary supposition, in reference to the immediate subject\r\nof our inquiries.

\r\n

The idea of an actual representation of all classes of the\r\npeople, by persons of each class, is altogether visionary. Unless it were\r\nexpressly provided in the Constitution, that each different occupation should\r\nsend one or more members, the thing would never take place in practice.\r\nMechanics and manufacturers will always be inclined, with few exceptions, to\r\ngive their votes to merchants, in preference to persons of their own professions\r\nor trades. Those discerning citizens are well aware that the mechan", 2988) = 2988 gettimeofday({1236709767, 556690}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 621456}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"ic and\r\nmanufacturing arts furnish the materials of mercantile enterprise and industry.\r\nMany of them, indeed, are immediately connected with the operations of commerce.\r\nThey know that the merchant is their natural patron and friend; and they are\r\naware, that however great the confidence they may justly feel in their own good\r\nsense, their interests can be more effectually promoted by the merchant than by\r\nthemselves. They are sensible that their habits in life ", 467}, {"have not been such as to\r\ngive : 14562\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:25 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nAge: 1\r\nConnection: 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4096}], 2) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709767, 623176}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 623262}, NULL) = 0 writev(4, [{"ic and\r\nmanufacturing arts furnish the materials of mercantile enterprise and industry.\r\nMany of them, indeed, are immediately connected with the operations of commerce.\r\nThey know that the merchant is their natural patron and friend; and they are\r\naware, that however great the confidence they may justly feel in their own good\r\nsense, their interests can be more effectually promoted by the merchant than by\r\nthemselves. They are sensible that their habits in life ", 467}, {"have not been such as to\r\ngive ", 31}], 2) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709767, 623478}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 637138}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"them those acquired endowments, without which, in a deliberative assembly,\r\nthe greatest natural abilities are for the most part useless; and that the\r\ninfluence and weight, and superior acquirements of the merchants render them\r\nmore equal to a contest with any spirit which might happen to infuse itself into\r\nthe public councils, unfriendly to the manufacturing and trading interests.\r\nThese considerations, and many others that might be mentioned prove, and\r\nexperience confirms it, that artisans and manufacturers will commonly be\r\ndisposed to bestow their votes upon merchants and those whom they recommend. We\r\nmust therefore consider merchants as the natural representatives of all these\r\nclasses of the community.

\r\n

With regard to the learned professions, little need be\r\nobserved; they truly form no distinct interest in society, and according to\r\ntheir situation and talents, will be indiscriminately the objects of the\r\nconfidence and choice of each other, and 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2274}], 2) = 996 gettimeofday({1236709767, 639217}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709767, 639302}, NULL) = 0 write(4, "them those acquired endowments, without which, in a deliberative assembly,\r\nthe greatest natural abilities are for the most part useless; and that the\r\ninfluence and weight, and superior acquirements of the merchants render them\r\nmore equal to a contest with any spirit which might happen to infuse itself into\r\nthe public councils, unfriendly to the manufacturing and trading interests.\r\nThese considerations, and many others that might be mentioned prove, and\r\nexperience confirms it, that artisans and manufacturers will commonly be\r\ndisposed to bestow their votes upon merchants and those whom they recommend. We\r\nmust therefore consider merchants as the natural representatives of all these\r\nclasses of the community.

\r\n

With regard to the learned professions, little need be\r\nobserved; they truly form no distinct interest in society, and according to\r\ntheir situation and talents, will be indiscriminately the objects of the\r\nconfidence and choice of each other, and ", 996) = 996 gettimeofday({1236709767, 639574}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709768, 44725}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"of other parts of the community.

\r\n

Nothing remains but the landed interest; and this, in a\r\npolitical view, and particularly in relation to taxes, I take to be perfectly\r\nunited, from the wealthiest landlord down to the poorest tenant. No tax can be\r\nlaid on land which will not affect the proprietor of millions of acres as well\r\nas the proprietor of a single acre. Every landholder will therefore have a\r\ncommon interest to keep the taxes on land as low as possible; and common\r\ninterest may always be reckoned upon as the surest bond of sympathy. But if we\r\neven could suppose a distinction of interest between the opulent landholder and\r\nthe middling farmer, what reason is there to conclude, that the first would\r\nstand a better chance of being deputed to the national legislature than the\r\nlast? If we take fact as our guide, and look into our own senate and assembly,\r\nwe shall find that moderate proprietors of land prevail in both; nor is this\r\nless the case in the senate, which consists of a smaller number, than in the\r\nassembly, which is composed of a greater number. Where the qualifications of the\r\nelectors are the same, whether they have to choose a small or a large number,\r\ntheir votes will fall upon those in whom they have most confidence; whether\r\nthese happen to be men of large fortunes, or of moderate property, or of no\r\nproperty at all.

\r\n

It is said to be necessary, that all classes of citizens\r\nshould have some of their own number in the representative body, in order that\r\ntheir feelings and interests may be the better understood and attended to. But\r\nwe have seen that this will never happen under any arrangement that leaves the\r\nvotes of the people free. Where this is the case, the representative body, with\r\ntoo few exceptions to have any influence on the spirit of the government, will\r\nbe composed of landholders, merchants, and men of the learned professions. But\r\nwhere is the danger that the interests and feelings of the different classes of\r\ncitizens will not be understood or attended to by these three descriptions of\r\nmen? Will not the landholder know and feel whatever will promote or insure the\r\ninterest of landed property? And will he not, from his own interest in that\r\nspecies of property, be sufficiently prone to resist every attempt to prejudice\r\nor encumber it? Will not the merchant understand and be disposed to cultivate,\r\nas far as may be proper, the interests of the mechanic and 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3069}, 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2274}], 2) = 2490 gettimeofday({1236709768, 46248}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709768, 46333}, NULL) = 0 write(4, "of other parts of the community.

\r\n

Nothing remains but the landed interest; and this, in a\r\npolitical view, and particularly in relation to taxes, I take to be perfectly\r\nunited, from the wealthiest landlord down to the poorest tenant. No tax can be\r\nlaid on land which will not affect the proprietor of millions of acres as well\r\nas the proprietor of a single acre. Every landholder will therefore have a\r\ncommon interest to keep the taxes on land as low as possible; and common\r\ninterest may always be reckoned upon as the surest bond of sympathy. But if we\r\neven could suppose a distinction of interest between the opulent landholder and\r\nthe middling farmer, what reason is there to conclude, that the first would\r\nstand a better chance of being deputed to the national legislature than the\r\nlast? If we take fact as our guide, and look into our own senate and assembly,\r\nwe shall find that moderate proprietors of land prevail in both; nor is this\r\nless the case in the senate, which consists of a smaller number, than in the\r\nassembly, which is composed of a greater number. Where the qualifications of the\r\nelectors are the same, whether they have to choose a small or a large number,\r\ntheir votes will fall upon those in whom they have most confidence; whether\r\nthese happen to be men of large fortunes, or of moderate property, or of no\r\nproperty at all.

\r\n

It is said to be necessary, that all classes of citizens\r\nshould have some of their own number in the representative body, in order that\r\ntheir feelings and interests may be the better understood and attended to. But\r\nwe have seen that this will never happen under any arrangement that leaves the\r\nvotes of the people free. Where this is the case, the representative body, with\r\ntoo few exceptions to have any influence on the spirit of the government, will\r\nbe composed of landholders, merchants, and men of the learned professions. But\r\nwhere is the danger that the interests and feelings of the different classes of\r\ncitizens will not be understood or attended to by these three descriptions of\r\nmen? Will not the landholder know and feel whatever will promote or insure the\r\ninterest of landed property? And will he not, from his own interest in that\r\nspecies of property, be sufficiently prone to resist every attempt to prejudice\r\nor encumber it? Will not the merchant understand and be disposed to cultivate,\r\nas far as may be proper, the interests of the mechanic and ma", 2490) = 2490 gettimeofday({1236709768, 46861}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709768, 301751}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"nufacturing arts,\r\nto which his commerce is so nearly allied? Will not the man of the learned\r\nprofession, who will feel a neutrality to the rivalships between the different\r\nbranches of industry, be likely to prove an impartial arbiter between them,\r\nready to promote either, so far as it shall appear to him conducive to the\r\ngeneral interests of the society?

\r\n

If we take into the account the momentary humors or\r\ndispositions which may happen to prevail in particular pa\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0", 579}, 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2274}], 2) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709768, 302768}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709768, 302854}, NULL) = 0 write(4, "nufacturing arts,\r\nto which his commerce is so nearly allied? Will not the man of the learned\r\nprofession, who will feel a neutrality to the rivalships between the different\r\nbranches of industry, be likely to prove an impartial arbiter between them,\r\nready to promote either, so far as it shall appear to him conducive to the\r\ngeneral interests of the society?

\r\n

If we take into the account the momentary humors or\r\ndispositions which may happen to prevail in particular pa", 498) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709768, 303051}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709768, 465330}, NULL) = 0 readv(5, [{"rts of the society, and\r\nto which a wise administration will never be inattentive", 81}, {", is the man whose\r\nsituation leads to extensive inquiry and information less likely to be a\r\ncompetent judge of their nature, extent, and foundation than one whose\r\nobservation does not travel beyond the circle of his neighbors and\r\nacquaintances? Is it not natural that a man who is a candidate for the favor of\r\nthe people, and who is dependent on the suffrages of his fellow-citizens for the\r\ncontinuance of his p\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0", 2274}], 2) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709768, 466202}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709768, 466287}, NULL) = 0 writev(4, [{"rts of the society, and\r\nto which a wise administration will never be inattentive", 81}, {", is the man whose\r\nsituation leads to extensive inquiry and information less likely to be a\r\ncompetent judge of their nature, extent, and foundation than one whose\r\nobservation does not travel beyond the circle of his neighbors and\r\nacquaintances? Is it not natural that a man who is a candidate for the favor of\r\nthe people, and who is dependent on the suffrages of his fellow-citizens for the\r\ncontinuance of his p", 417}], 2) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709768, 466497}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709768, 480806}, NULL) = 0 read(5, "ublic honors, should take care to inform himself of their\r\ndispositions and inclinations, and should be willing to allow them their proper\r\ndegree of influence upon his conduct? This dependence, and the necessity of\r\nbeing bound himself, and his posterity, by the laws to which he gives his\r\nassent, are the true, and they are the strong chords of sympathy between the\r\nrepresentative and the constituent.

\r\n

There is no part of the administration of government that\r\nrequire", 1857) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709768, 480968}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709768, 481051}, NULL) = 0 write(4, "ublic honors, should take care to inform himself of their\r\ndispositions and inclinations, and should be willing to allow them their proper\r\ndegree of influence upon his conduct? This dependence, and the necessity of\r\nbeing bound himself, and his posterity, by the laws to which he gives his\r\nassent, are the true, and they are the strong chords of sympathy between the\r\nrepresentative and the constituent.

\r\n

There is no part of the administration of government that\r\nrequire", 498) = 498 gettimeofday({1236709768, 481231}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709768, 707432}, NULL) = 0 read(5, "s extensive information and a thorough knowledge of the principles of\r\npolitical economy, so much as the business of taxation. The man who understands\r\nthose principles best will be least likely to resort to oppressive expedients,\r\nor sacrifice any particular class of citizens to the procurement of revenue. It\r\nmight be demonstrated that the most productive system of finance will always be\r\nthe least burdensome. There can be no doubt that in order to a judicious\r\nexercise of the power of taxation, it is necessary that the person in whose\r\nhands it should be acquainted with the general genius, habits, and modes of\r\nthinking of the people at large, and with the resources of the country. And this\r\nis all that can be reasonably meant by a knowledge of the interests and feelings\r\nof the people. In any other sense the proposition has either no meaning, or an\r\nabsurd one. And in that sense let every considerate citizen judge for himself\r\nwhere the requisite qualification is most likely to be found.

\r\n

PUBLIUS

\r\n
\r\n

Home Contents\r\n Previous Next \r\nIndex

\r\n





















\r\n", 1359) = 1359 close(5) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709768, 707849}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 2, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709768, 707932}, NULL) = 0 write(4, "s extensive information and a thorough knowledge of the principles of\r\npolitical economy, so much as the business of taxation. The man who understands\r\nthose principles best will be least likely to resort to oppressive expedients,\r\nor sacrifice any particular class of citizens to the procurement of revenue. It\r\nmight be demonstrated that the most productive system of finance will always be\r\nthe least burdensome. There can be no doubt that in order to a judicious\r\nexercise of the power of taxation, it is necessary that the person in whose\r\nhands it should be acquainted with the general genius, habits, and modes of\r\nthinking of the people at large, and with the resources of the country. And this\r\nis all that can be reasonably meant by a knowledge of the interests and feelings\r\nof the people. In any other sense the proposition has either no meaning, or an\r\nabsurd one. And in that sense let every considerate citizen judge for himself\r\nwhere the requisite qualification is most likely to be found.

\r\n

PUBLIUS

\r\n
\r\n

Home Contents\r\n Previous Next \r\nIndex

\r\n





















\r\n", 1359) = 1359 gettimeofday({1236709768, 708986}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}], 2, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709768, 709068}, NULL) = 0 read(4, "", 4096) = 0 close(4) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709768, 709200}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}], 1, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709775, 936567}, NULL) = 0 accept(3, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(59721), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, [16]) = 4 fcntl64(4, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(4, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 setsockopt(4, SOL_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, [1], 4) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709775, 936810}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}], 2, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709775, 936961}, NULL) = 0 read(4, "GET http://duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion/fedpapers/federa35.htm HTTP/1.1\r\nUser-Agent: curl/7.18.2 (i486-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.18.2 OpenSSL/0.9.8g zlib/1.2.3.3 libidn/1.8\r\nHost: duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion\r\nAccept: */*\r\nProxy-Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n\r\n", 4096) = 241 socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 5 fcntl64(5, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(5, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 connect(5, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(9050), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, 16) = -1 EINPROGRESS (Operation now in progress) gettimeofday({1236709775, 937377}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709775, 937462}, NULL) = 0 connect(5, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(9050), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, 16) = 0 setsockopt(5, SOL_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, [1], 4) = 0 write(5, "\5\1\0", 3) = 3 gettimeofday({1236709775, 937684}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709775, 937799}, NULL) = 0 read(5, "\5\0", 8) = 2 write(5, "\5\1\0\3\26duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion\0P", 29) = 29 gettimeofday({1236709775, 938178}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709781, 545761}, NULL) = 0 read(5, "\5\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0", 10) = 10 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 write(5, "GET /fedpapers/federa35.htm HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion\r\nIf-Modified-Since: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nUser-Agent: curl/7.18.2 (i486-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.18.2 OpenSSL/0.9.8g zlib/1.2.3.3 libidn/1.8\r\nAccept: */*\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\n\r\n", 256) = 256 gettimeofday({1236709781, 546165}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 3, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709782, 695911}, NULL) = 0 read(5, "HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:42 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n", 4096) = 230 close(5) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 writev(4, [{"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:42 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nAge: 1\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\n\r\n", 256}, {"\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Federalist #35\r\n\r\n
\r\n

The Federalist No. 35

\r\n

Concerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)

\r\n

Independent Journal
Saturday, January 5, 1788
[Alexander\r\nHamilton]

\r\n

To the People of the State of New York:

\r\n

BEFORE we\r\nproceed to examine any other objections to an indefinite power of taxation in\r\nthe Union, I shall make one general remark; which is, that if the jurisdiction\r\nof the national government, in the article of revenue, should be restricted to\r\nparticular objects, it would naturally occasion an undue proportion of the\r\npublic burdens to fall upon those objects. Two evils would spring from this\r\nsource: the oppression of particular branches of industry; and an unequal\r\ndistribution of the taxes, as well among the several States as among the\r\ncitizens of the same State.

\r\n

Suppose, as has been contended for, the federal power of\r\ntaxation were to be confined to duties on imports, it is evident that the\r\ngovernment, for want of being able to command other resources, would frequently\r\nbe tempted to extend these duties to an injurious excess. There are persons who\r\nimagine that they can never be carried to too great a length; since the higher\r\nthey are, the more it is alleged they will tend to discourage an extravagant\r\nconsumption, to produce a favorable balance of trade, and to promote domestic\r\nmanufactures. But all extremes are pernicious in various ways. Exorbitant duties\r\non imported articles would beget a general spirit of smuggling; which is always\r\nprejudicial to the fair trader, and eventually to the revenue itself: they tend\r\nto render other classes of the community tributary, in an improper degree, to\r\nthe manufacturing classes, to whom they give a premature monopoly of the\r\nmarkets; they sometimes force industry out of its more natural channels into\r\nothers in which it flows with less advantage; and in the last place, they\r\noppress the merchant, who is often obliged to pay them himself without any\r\nretribution from the consumer. When the demand is equal to the quantity of goods\r\nat market, the consumer generally pays the duty; but when the markets happen to\r\nbe overstocked, a great proportion falls upon the merchant, and sometimes not\r\nonly exhausts his profits, but breaks in upon his capital. I am apt to think\r\nthat a division of the duty, between the seller and the buyer, more often\r\nhappens than is commonly imagined. It is not always possible to raise the price\r\nof a commodity in exact proportion to every additional imposition laid upon it.\r\nThe merchant, especially in a country of small commercial capital, is often\r\nunder a necessity of keeping prices down in order to a more expeditious sale.

\r\n

The maxim that the consumer is the payer, is so much\r\noftener true than the reverse of the proposition, that it is far more equitable\r\nthat the duties on imports should go into a common stock, than that they should\r\nredound to the exclusive benefit of the importing States. But it is not so\r\ngenerally true as to render it equitable, that those duties should form the only\r\nnational fund. When they are paid by the merchant they operate as an additional\r\ntax upon the importing State, whose citizens pay their proportion of them in the\r\ncharacter of consumers. In this view they are productive of inequality among the\r\nStates; which inequality would be increased with the increased extent of the\r\nduties. The confinement of the national revenues to this species of imposts\r\nwould be attended with inequality, from a different cause, between the\r\nmanufacturing and the non-manufacturing States. The States which can go farthest\r\ntowards the supply of their own wants, by their own manufactures, will not,\r\naccording to their numbers or wealth, consume so great a proportion of imported\r\narticles as those States which are not in the same", 4096}], 2) = 4352 gettimeofday({1236709782, 697396}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 2, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709782, 697479}, NULL) = 0 writev(4, [{" favorable situation. They\r\nwould not, therefore, in this mode alone contribute to the public treasury in a\r\nratio to their abilities. To make them do this it is necessary that recourse be\r\nhad to excises, the proper objects of which are particular kinds of\r\nmanufactures. New York is more deeply interested in these considerations than\r\nsuch of her citizens as contend for limiting the power of the Union to external\r\ntaxation may be aware of. New York is an importing State, and is not likely\r\nspeedily to be, to any great extent, a manufacturing State. She would, of\r\ncourse, suffer in a double light from restraining the jurisdiction of the Union\r\nto commercial imposts.

\r\n

So far as these observations tend to inculcate a danger of\r\nthe import duties being extended to an injurious extreme it may be observed,\r\nconformably to a remark made in another part of these papers, that the interest\r\nof the revenue itself would be a sufficient guard against such an extreme. I\r\nreadily admit that this would be the case, as long as other resources were open;\r\nbut if the avenues to them were closed, HOPE, stimulated\r\nby necessity, would beget experiments, fortified by rigorous precautions and\r\nadditional penalties, which, for a time, would have the intended effect, till\r\nthere had been leisure to contrive expedients to elude these new precautions.\r\nThe first success would be apt to inspire false opinions, which it might require\r\na long course of subsequent experience to correct. Necessity, especially in\r\npolitics, often occasions false hopes, false reasonings, and a system of\r\nmeasures correspondingly erroneous. But even if this supposed excess should not\r\nbe a consequence of the limitation of the federal power of taxation, the\r\ninequalities spoken of would still ensue, though not in the same degree, from\r\nthe other causes that have been noticed. Let us now return to the examination of\r\nobjections.

\r\n

One which, if we may judge from the frequency of its\r\nrepetition, seems most to be relied on, is, that the House of Representatives is\r\nnot sufficiently numerous for the reception of all the different classes of\r\ncitizens, in order to combine the interests and feelings of every part of the\r\ncommunity, and to produce a due sympathy between the representative body and its\r\nconstituents. This argument presents itself under a very specious and seducing\r\nform; and is well calculated to lay hold of the prejudices of those to whom it\r\nis addressed. But when we come to dissect it with attention, it will appear to\r\nbe made up of nothing but fair-sounding words. The object it seems to aim at is,\r\nin the first place, impracticable, and in the sense in which it is contended\r\nfor, is unnecessary. I reserve for another place the discussion of the question\r\nwhich relates to the sufficiency of the representative body in respect to\r\nnumbers, and shall content myself with examining here the particular use which\r\nhas been made of a contrary supposition, in reference to the immediate subject\r\nof our inquiries.

\r\n

The idea of an actual representation of all classes of the\r\npeople, by persons of each class, is altogether visionary. Unless it were\r\nexpressly provided in the Constitution, that each different occupation should\r\nsend one or more members, the thing would never take place in practice.\r\nMechanics and manufacturers will always be inclined, with few exceptions, to\r\ngive their votes to merchants, in preference to persons of their own professions\r\nor trades. Those discerning citizens are well aware that the mechanic and\r\nmanufacturing arts furnish the materials of mercantile enterprise and industry.\r\nMany of them, indeed, are immediately connected with the operations of commerce.\r\nThey know that the merchant is their natural patron and friend; and they are\r\naware, that however great the confidence they may justly feel in their own good\r\nsense, their interests can be more effectually promoted by the merchant than by\r\nthemselves. They are sensible that their habits in life ", 4096}, {"have not been such as to\r\ngive them those acquired endowments, without which, in a deliberative assembly,\r\nthe greatest natural abilities are for the most part useless; and that the\r\ninfluence and weight, and superior acquirements of the merchants render them\r\nmore equal to a contest with any spirit which might happen to infuse itself into\r\nthe public councils, unfriendly to the manufacturing and trading interests.\r\nThese considerations, and many others that might be mentioned prove, and\r\nexperience confirms it, that artisans and manufacturers will commonly be\r\ndisposed to bestow their votes upon merchants and those whom they recommend. We\r\nmust therefore consider merchants as the natural representatives of all these\r\nclasses of the community.

\r\n

With regard to the learned professions, little need be\r\nobserved; they truly form no distinct interest in society, and according to\r\ntheir situation and talents, will be indiscriminately the objects of the\r\nconfidence and choice of each other, and of other parts of the community.

\r\n

Nothing remains but the landed interest; and this, in a\r\npolitical view, and particularly in relation to taxes, I take to be perfectly\r\nunited, from the wealthiest landlord down to the poorest tenant. No tax can be\r\nlaid on land which will not affect the proprietor of millions of acres as well\r\nas the proprietor of a single acre. Every landholder will therefore have a\r\ncommon interest to keep the taxes on land as low as possible; and common\r\ninterest may always be reckoned upon as the surest bond of sympathy. But if we\r\neven could suppose a distinction of interest between the opulent landholder and\r\nthe middling farmer, what reason is there to conclude, that the first would\r\nstand a better chance of being deputed to the national legislature than the\r\nlast? If we take fact as our guide, and look into our own senate and assembly,\r\nwe shall find that moderate proprietors of land prevail in both; nor is this\r\nless the case in the senate, which consists of a smaller number, than in the\r\nassembly, which is composed of a greater number. Where the qualifications of the\r\nelectors are the same, whether they have to choose a small or a large number,\r\ntheir votes will fall upon those in whom they have most confidence; whether\r\nthese happen to be men of large fortunes, or of moderate property, or of no\r\nproperty at all.

\r\n

It is said to be necessary, that all classes of citizens\r\nshould have some of their own number in the representative body, in order that\r\ntheir feelings and interests may be the better understood and attended to. But\r\nwe have seen that this will never happen under any arrangement that leaves the\r\nvotes of the people free. Where this is the case, the representative body, with\r\ntoo few exceptions to have any influence on the spirit of the government, will\r\nbe composed of landholders, merchants, and men of the learned professions. But\r\nwhere is the danger that the interests and feelings of the different classes of\r\ncitizens will not be understood or attended to by these three descriptions of\r\nmen? Will not the landholder know and feel whatever will promote or insure the\r\ninterest of landed property? And will he not, from his own interest in that\r\nspecies of property, be sufficiently prone to resist every attempt to prejudice\r\nor encumber it? Will not the merchant understand and be disposed to cultivate,\r\nas far as may be proper, the interests of the mechanic and manufacturing arts,\r\nto which his commerce is so nearly allied? Will not the man of the learned\r\nprofession, who will feel a neutrality to the rivalships between the different\r\nbranches of industry, be likely to prove an impartial arbiter between them,\r\nready to promote either, so far as it shall appear to him conducive to the\r\ngeneral interests of the society?

\r\n

If we take into the account the momentary humors or\r\ndispositions which may happen to prevail in particular parts of the society, and\r\nto which a wise administration will never be inattentive", 4096}], 2) = 8192 gettimeofday({1236709782, 698966}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 2, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709782, 699045}, NULL) = 0 write(4, ", is the man whose\r\nsituation leads to extensive inquiry and information less likely to be a\r\ncompetent judge of their nature, extent, and foundation than one whose\r\nobservation does not travel beyond the circle of his neighbors and\r\nacquaintances? Is it not natural that a man who is a candidate for the favor of\r\nthe people, and who is dependent on the suffrages of his fellow-citizens for the\r\ncontinuance of his public honors, should take care to inform himself of their\r\ndispositions and inclinations, and should be willing to allow them their proper\r\ndegree of influence upon his conduct? This dependence, and the necessity of\r\nbeing bound himself, and his posterity, by the laws to which he gives his\r\nassent, are the true, and they are the strong chords of sympathy between the\r\nrepresentative and the constituent.

\r\n

There is no part of the administration of government that\r\nrequires extensive information and a thorough knowledge of the principles of\r\npolitical economy, so much as the business of taxation. The man who understands\r\nthose principles best will be least likely to resort to oppressive expedients,\r\nor sacrifice any particular class of citizens to the procurement of revenue. It\r\nmight be demonstrated that the most productive system of finance will always be\r\nthe least burdensome. There can be no doubt that in order to a judicious\r\nexercise of the power of taxation, it is necessary that the person in whose\r\nhands it should be acquainted with the general genius, habits, and modes of\r\nthinking of the people at large, and with the resources of the country. And this\r\nis all that can be reasonably meant by a knowledge of the interests and feelings\r\nof the people. In any other sense the proposition has either no meaning, or an\r\nabsurd one. And in that sense let every considerate citizen judge for himself\r\nwhere the requisite qualification is most likely to be found.

\r\n

PUBLIUS

\r\n
\r\n

Home Contents\r\n Previous Next \r\nIndex

\r\n





















\r\n", 2274) = 2274 gettimeofday({1236709782, 700836}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=4, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}], 2, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709782, 700922}, NULL) = 0 read(4, "", 4096) = 0 close(4) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709782, 701067}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 1, 20000) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709802, 693571}, NULL) = 0 open("/root/env/cache/polipo/duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion/jmf8Y9FpWO+NkxApMgVKjQ==", O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL, 0600) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) mkdir("/root/env/cache/polipo/duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion/", 0700) = 0 open("/root/env/cache/polipo/duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion/jmf8Y9FpWO+NkxApMgVKjQ==", O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL, 0600) = 4 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 writev(4, [{"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:42 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nX-Polipo-Location: http://duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion/fedpapers/federa35.htm\r\nX-Polipo-Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:41 GMT\r\nX-Polipo-Access: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:42 GMT\r\nX-Polipo-Body-Offset: 1024\r\n\r\n\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0", 1024}, {"\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Federalist #35\r\n\r\n
\r\n

The Federalist No. 35

\r\n

Concerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)

\r\n

Independent Journal
Saturday, January 5, 1788
[Alexander\r\nHamilton]

\r\n

To the People of the State of New York:

\r\n

BEFORE we\r\nproceed to examine any other objections to an indefinite power of taxation in\r\nthe Union, I shall make one general remark; which is, that if the jurisdiction\r\nof the national government, in the article of revenue, should be restricted to\r\nparticular objects, it would naturally occasion an undue proportion of the\r\npublic burdens to fall upon those objects. Two evils would spring from this\r\nsource: the oppression of particular branches of industry; and an unequal\r\ndistribution of the taxes, as well among the several States as among the\r\ncitizens of the same State.

\r\n

Suppose, as has been contended for, the federal power of\r\ntaxation were to be confined to duties on imports, it is evident that the\r\ngovernment, for want of being able to command other resources, would frequently\r\nbe tempted to extend these duties to an injurious excess. There are persons who\r\nimagine that they can never be carried to too great a length; since the higher\r\nthey are, the more it is alleged they will tend to discourage an extravagant\r\nconsumption, to produce a favorable balance of trade, and to promote domestic\r\nmanufactures. But all extremes are pernicious in various ways. Exorbitant duties\r\non imported articles would beget a general spirit of smuggling; which is always\r\nprejudicial to the fair trader, and eventually to the revenue itself: they tend\r\nto render other classes of the community tributary, in an improper degree, to\r\nthe manufacturing classes, to whom they give a premature monopoly of the\r\nmarkets; they sometimes force industry out of its more natural channels into\r\nothers in which it flows with less advantage; and in the last place, they\r\noppress the merchant, who is often obliged to pay them himself without any\r\nretribution from the consumer. When the demand is equal to the quantity of goods\r\nat market, the consumer generally pays the duty; but when the markets happen to\r\nbe overstocked, a great proportion falls upon the merchant, and sometimes not\r\nonly exhausts his profits, but breaks in upon his capital. I am apt to think\r\nthat a division of the duty, between the seller and the buyer, more often\r\nhappens than is commonly imagined. It is not always possible to raise the price\r\nof a commodity in exact proportion to every additional imposition laid upon it.\r\nThe merchant, especially in a country of small commercial capital, is often\r\nunder a necessity of keeping prices down in order to a more expeditious sale.

\r\n

The maxim that the consumer is the payer, is so much\r\noftener true than the reverse of the proposition, that it is far more equitable\r\nthat the duties on imports should go into a common stock, than that they should\r\nredound to the exclusive benefit of the importing States. But it is not so\r\ngenerally true as to render it equitable, that those duties should form the only\r\nnational fund. When they are paid by the merchant they operate as an additional\r\ntax upon the importing State, whose citizens pay their proportion of them in the\r\ncharacter of consumers. In this view they are productive of inequality among the\r\nStates; which inequality would be increased with the increased extent of the\r\nduties. The confinement of the national revenues to this species of imposts\r\nwould be attended with inequality, from a different cause, between the\r\nmanufacturing and the non-manufacturing States. The States which can go farthest\r\ntowards the supply of their own wants, by their own manufactures, will not,\r\naccording to their numbers or wealth, consume so great a proportion of imported\r\narticles as those States which are not in the same", 4096}], 2) = 5120 write(4, " favorable situation. They\r\nwould not, therefore, in this mode alone contribute to the public treasury in a\r\nratio to their abilities. To make them do this it is necessary that recourse be\r\nhad to excises, the proper objects of which are particular kinds of\r\nmanufactures. New York is more deeply interested in these considerations than\r\nsuch of her citizens as contend for limiting the power of the Union to external\r\ntaxation may be aware of. New York is an importing State, and is not likely\r\nspeedily to be, to any great extent, a manufacturing State. She would, of\r\ncourse, suffer in a double light from restraining the jurisdiction of the Union\r\nto commercial imposts.

\r\n

So far as these observations tend to inculcate a danger of\r\nthe import duties being extended to an injurious extreme it may be observed,\r\nconformably to a remark made in another part of these papers, that the interest\r\nof the revenue itself would be a sufficient guard against such an extreme. I\r\nreadily admit that this would be the case, as long as other resources were open;\r\nbut if the avenues to them were closed, HOPE, stimulated\r\nby necessity, would beget experiments, fortified by rigorous precautions and\r\nadditional penalties, which, for a time, would have the intended effect, till\r\nthere had been leisure to contrive expedients to elude these new precautions.\r\nThe first success would be apt to inspire false opinions, which it might require\r\na long course of subsequent experience to correct. Necessity, especially in\r\npolitics, often occasions false hopes, false reasonings, and a system of\r\nmeasures correspondingly erroneous. But even if this supposed excess should not\r\nbe a consequence of the limitation of the federal power of taxation, the\r\ninequalities spoken of would still ensue, though not in the same degree, from\r\nthe other causes that have been noticed. Let us now return to the examination of\r\nobjections.

\r\n

One which, if we may judge from the frequency of its\r\nrepetition, seems most to be relied on, is, that the House of Representatives is\r\nnot sufficiently numerous for the reception of all the different classes of\r\ncitizens, in order to combine the interests and feelings of every part of the\r\ncommunity, and to produce a due sympathy between the representative body and its\r\nconstituents. This argument presents itself under a very specious and seducing\r\nform; and is well calculated to lay hold of the prejudices of those to whom it\r\nis addressed. But when we come to dissect it with attention, it will appear to\r\nbe made up of nothing but fair-sounding words. The object it seems to aim at is,\r\nin the first place, impracticable, and in the sense in which it is contended\r\nfor, is unnecessary. I reserve for another place the discussion of the question\r\nwhich relates to the sufficiency of the representative body in respect to\r\nnumbers, and shall content myself with examining here the particular use which\r\nhas been made of a contrary supposition, in reference to the immediate subject\r\nof our inquiries.

\r\n

The idea of an actual representation of all classes of the\r\npeople, by persons of each class, is altogether visionary. Unless it were\r\nexpressly provided in the Constitution, that each different occupation should\r\nsend one or more members, the thing would never take place in practice.\r\nMechanics and manufacturers will always be inclined, with few exceptions, to\r\ngive their votes to merchants, in preference to persons of their own professions\r\nor trades. Those discerning citizens are well aware that the mechanic and\r\nmanufacturing arts furnish the materials of mercantile enterprise and industry.\r\nMany of them, indeed, are immediately connected with the operations of commerce.\r\nThey know that the merchant is their natural patron and friend; and they are\r\naware, that however great the confidence they may justly feel in their own good\r\nsense, their interests can be more effectually promoted by the merchant than by\r\nthemselves. They are sensible that their habits in life ", 4096) = 4096 write(4, "have not been such as to\r\ngive them those acquired endowments, without which, in a deliberative assembly,\r\nthe greatest natural abilities are for the most part useless; and that the\r\ninfluence and weight, and superior acquirements of the merchants render them\r\nmore equal to a contest with any spirit which might happen to infuse itself into\r\nthe public councils, unfriendly to the manufacturing and trading interests.\r\nThese considerations, and many others that might be mentioned prove, and\r\nexperience confirms it, that artisans and manufacturers will commonly be\r\ndisposed to bestow their votes upon merchants and those whom they recommend. We\r\nmust therefore consider merchants as the natural representatives of all these\r\nclasses of the community.

\r\n

With regard to the learned professions, little need be\r\nobserved; they truly form no distinct interest in society, and according to\r\ntheir situation and talents, will be indiscriminately the objects of the\r\nconfidence and choice of each other, and of other parts of the community.

\r\n

Nothing remains but the landed interest; and this, in a\r\npolitical view, and particularly in relation to taxes, I take to be perfectly\r\nunited, from the wealthiest landlord down to the poorest tenant. No tax can be\r\nlaid on land which will not affect the proprietor of millions of acres as well\r\nas the proprietor of a single acre. Every landholder will therefore have a\r\ncommon interest to keep the taxes on land as low as possible; and common\r\ninterest may always be reckoned upon as the surest bond of sympathy. But if we\r\neven could suppose a distinction of interest between the opulent landholder and\r\nthe middling farmer, what reason is there to conclude, that the first would\r\nstand a better chance of being deputed to the national legislature than the\r\nlast? If we take fact as our guide, and look into our own senate and assembly,\r\nwe shall find that moderate proprietors of land prevail in both; nor is this\r\nless the case in the senate, which consists of a smaller number, than in the\r\nassembly, which is composed of a greater number. Where the qualifications of the\r\nelectors are the same, whether they have to choose a small or a large number,\r\ntheir votes will fall upon those in whom they have most confidence; whether\r\nthese happen to be men of large fortunes, or of moderate property, or of no\r\nproperty at all.

\r\n

It is said to be necessary, that all classes of citizens\r\nshould have some of their own number in the representative body, in order that\r\ntheir feelings and interests may be the better understood and attended to. But\r\nwe have seen that this will never happen under any arrangement that leaves the\r\nvotes of the people free. Where this is the case, the representative body, with\r\ntoo few exceptions to have any influence on the spirit of the government, will\r\nbe composed of landholders, merchants, and men of the learned professions. But\r\nwhere is the danger that the interests and feelings of the different classes of\r\ncitizens will not be understood or attended to by these three descriptions of\r\nmen? Will not the landholder know and feel whatever will promote or insure the\r\ninterest of landed property? And will he not, from his own interest in that\r\nspecies of property, be sufficiently prone to resist every attempt to prejudice\r\nor encumber it? Will not the merchant understand and be disposed to cultivate,\r\nas far as may be proper, the interests of the mechanic and manufacturing arts,\r\nto which his commerce is so nearly allied? Will not the man of the learned\r\nprofession, who will feel a neutrality to the rivalships between the different\r\nbranches of industry, be likely to prove an impartial arbiter between them,\r\nready to promote either, so far as it shall appear to him conducive to the\r\ngeneral interests of the society?

\r\n

If we take into the account the momentary humors or\r\ndispositions which may happen to prevail in particular parts of the society, and\r\nto which a wise administration will never be inattentive", 4096) = 4096 write(4, ", is the man whose\r\nsituation leads to extensive inquiry and information less likely to be a\r\ncompetent judge of their nature, extent, and foundation than one whose\r\nobservation does not travel beyond the circle of his neighbors and\r\nacquaintances? Is it not natural that a man who is a candidate for the favor of\r\nthe people, and who is dependent on the suffrages of his fellow-citizens for the\r\ncontinuance of his public honors, should take care to inform himself of their\r\ndispositions and inclinations, and should be willing to allow them their proper\r\ndegree of influence upon his conduct? This dependence, and the necessity of\r\nbeing bound himself, and his posterity, by the laws to which he gives his\r\nassent, are the true, and they are the strong chords of sympathy between the\r\nrepresentative and the constituent.

\r\n

There is no part of the administration of government that\r\nrequires extensive information and a thorough knowledge of the principles of\r\npolitical economy, so much as the business of taxation. The man who understands\r\nthose principles best will be least likely to resort to oppressive expedients,\r\nor sacrifice any particular class of citizens to the procurement of revenue. It\r\nmight be demonstrated that the most productive system of finance will always be\r\nthe least burdensome. There can be no doubt that in order to a judicious\r\nexercise of the power of taxation, it is necessary that the person in whose\r\nhands it should be acquainted with the general genius, habits, and modes of\r\nthinking of the people at large, and with the resources of the country. And this\r\nis all that can be reasonably meant by a knowledge of the interests and feelings\r\nof the people. In any other sense the proposition has either no meaning, or an\r\nabsurd one. And in that sense let every considerate citizen judge for himself\r\nwhere the requisite qualification is most likely to be found.

\r\n

PUBLIUS

\r\n
\r\n

Home Contents\r\n Previous Next \r\nIndex

\r\n





















\r\n", 2274) = 2274 gettimeofday({1236709802, 697136}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}], 1, 1451297) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709842, 713333}, NULL) = 0 accept(3, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(51164), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, [16]) = 5 fcntl64(5, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) fcntl64(5, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 setsockopt(5, SOL_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, [1], 4) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709842, 713577}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}], 2, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709842, 713729}, NULL) = 0 read(5, "GET http://duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion/fedpapers/federa35.htm HTTP/1.1\r\nUser-Agent: curl/7.18.2 (i486-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.18.2 OpenSSL/0.9.8g zlib/1.2.3.3 libidn/1.8\r\nHost: duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion\r\nAccept: */*\r\nProxy-Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n\r\n", 4096) = 241 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 writev(5, [{"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:42 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nAge: 61\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\n\r\n", 257}, {"\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Federalist #35\r\n\r\n
\r\n

The Federalist No. 35

\r\n

Concerning the General Power of Taxation (continued)

\r\n

Independent Journal
Saturday, January 5, 1788
[Alexander\r\nHamilton]

\r\n

To the People of the State of New York:

\r\n

BEFORE we\r\nproceed to examine any other objections to an indefinite power of taxation in\r\nthe Union, I shall make one general remark; which is, that if the jurisdiction\r\nof the national government, in the article of revenue, should be restricted to\r\nparticular objects, it would naturally occasion an undue proportion of the\r\npublic burdens to fall upon those objects. Two evils would spring from this\r\nsource: the oppression of particular branches of industry; and an unequal\r\ndistribution of the taxes, as well among the several States as among the\r\ncitizens of the same State.

\r\n

Suppose, as has been contended for, the federal power of\r\ntaxation were to be confined to duties on imports, it is evident that the\r\ngovernment, for want of being able to command other resources, would frequently\r\nbe tempted to extend these duties to an injurious excess. There are persons who\r\nimagine that they can never be carried to too great a length; since the higher\r\nthey are, the more it is alleged they will tend to discourage an extravagant\r\nconsumption, to produce a favorable balance of trade, and to promote domestic\r\nmanufactures. But all extremes are pernicious in various ways. Exorbitant duties\r\non imported articles would beget a general spirit of smuggling; which is always\r\nprejudicial to the fair trader, and eventually to the revenue itself: they tend\r\nto render other classes of the community tributary, in an improper degree, to\r\nthe manufacturing classes, to whom they give a premature monopoly of the\r\nmarkets; they sometimes force industry out of its more natural channels into\r\nothers in which it flows with less advantage; and in the last place, they\r\noppress the merchant, who is often obliged to pay them himself without any\r\nretribution from the consumer. When the demand is equal to the quantity of goods\r\nat market, the consumer generally pays the duty; but when the markets happen to\r\nbe overstocked, a great proportion falls upon the merchant, and sometimes not\r\nonly exhausts his profits, but breaks in upon his capital. I am apt to think\r\nthat a division of the duty, between the seller and the buyer, more often\r\nhappens than is commonly imagined. It is not always possible to raise the price\r\nof a commodity in exact proportion to every additional imposition laid upon it.\r\nThe merchant, especially in a country of small commercial capital, is often\r\nunder a necessity of keeping prices down in order to a more expeditious sale.

\r\n

The maxim that the consumer is the payer, is so much\r\noftener true than the reverse of the proposition, that it is far more equitable\r\nthat the duties on imports should go into a common stock, than that they should\r\nredound to the exclusive benefit of the importing States. But it is not so\r\ngenerally true as to render it equitable, that those duties should form the only\r\nnational fund. When they are paid by the merchant they operate as an additional\r\ntax upon the importing State, whose citizens pay their proportion of them in the\r\ncharacter of consumers. In this view they are productive of inequality among the\r\nStates; which inequality would be increased with the increased extent of the\r\nduties. The confinement of the national revenues to this species of imposts\r\nwould be attended with inequality, from a different cause, between the\r\nmanufacturing and the non-manufacturing States. The States which can go farthest\r\ntowards the supply of their own wants, by their own manufactures, will not,\r\naccording to their numbers or wealth, consume so great a proportion of imported\r\narticles as those States which are not in the same", 4096}], 2) = 4353 gettimeofday({1236709842, 714842}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 2, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709842, 714922}, NULL) = 0 writev(5, [{" favorable situation. They\r\nwould not, therefore, in this mode alone contribute to the public treasury in a\r\nratio to their abilities. To make them do this it is necessary that recourse be\r\nhad to excises, the proper objects of which are particular kinds of\r\nmanufactures. New York is more deeply interested in these considerations than\r\nsuch of her citizens as contend for limiting the power of the Union to external\r\ntaxation may be aware of. New York is an importing State, and is not likely\r\nspeedily to be, to any great extent, a manufacturing State. She would, of\r\ncourse, suffer in a double light from restraining the jurisdiction of the Union\r\nto commercial imposts.

\r\n

So far as these observations tend to inculcate a danger of\r\nthe import duties being extended to an injurious extreme it may be observed,\r\nconformably to a remark made in another part of these papers, that the interest\r\nof the revenue itself would be a sufficient guard against such an extreme. I\r\nreadily admit that this would be the case, as long as other resources were open;\r\nbut if the avenues to them were closed, HOPE, stimulated\r\nby necessity, would beget experiments, fortified by rigorous precautions and\r\nadditional penalties, which, for a time, would have the intended effect, till\r\nthere had been leisure to contrive expedients to elude these new precautions.\r\nThe first success would be apt to inspire false opinions, which it might require\r\na long course of subsequent experience to correct. Necessity, especially in\r\npolitics, often occasions false hopes, false reasonings, and a system of\r\nmeasures correspondingly erroneous. But even if this supposed excess should not\r\nbe a consequence of the limitation of the federal power of taxation, the\r\ninequalities spoken of would still ensue, though not in the same degree, from\r\nthe other causes that have been noticed. Let us now return to the examination of\r\nobjections.

\r\n

One which, if we may judge from the frequency of its\r\nrepetition, seems most to be relied on, is, that the House of Representatives is\r\nnot sufficiently numerous for the reception of all the different classes of\r\ncitizens, in order to combine the interests and feelings of every part of the\r\ncommunity, and to produce a due sympathy between the representative body and its\r\nconstituents. This argument presents itself under a very specious and seducing\r\nform; and is well calculated to lay hold of the prejudices of those to whom it\r\nis addressed. But when we come to dissect it with attention, it will appear to\r\nbe made up of nothing but fair-sounding words. The object it seems to aim at is,\r\nin the first place, impracticable, and in the sense in which it is contended\r\nfor, is unnecessary. I reserve for another place the discussion of the question\r\nwhich relates to the sufficiency of the representative body in respect to\r\nnumbers, and shall content myself with examining here the particular use which\r\nhas been made of a contrary supposition, in reference to the immediate subject\r\nof our inquiries.

\r\n

The idea of an actual representation of all classes of the\r\npeople, by persons of each class, is altogether visionary. Unless it were\r\nexpressly provided in the Constitution, that each different occupation should\r\nsend one or more members, the thing would never take place in practice.\r\nMechanics and manufacturers will always be inclined, with few exceptions, to\r\ngive their votes to merchants, in preference to persons of their own professions\r\nor trades. Those discerning citizens are well aware that the mechanic and\r\nmanufacturing arts furnish the materials of mercantile enterprise and industry.\r\nMany of them, indeed, are immediately connected with the operations of commerce.\r\nThey know that the merchant is their natural patron and friend; and they are\r\naware, that however great the confidence they may justly feel in their own good\r\nsense, their interests can be more effectually promoted by the merchant than by\r\nthemselves. They are sensible that their habits in life ", 4096}, {"have not been such as to\r\ngive them those acquired endowments, without which, in a deliberative assembly,\r\nthe greatest natural abilities are for the most part useless; and that the\r\ninfluence and weight, and superior acquirements of the merchants render them\r\nmore equal to a contest with any spirit which might happen to infuse itself into\r\nthe public councils, unfriendly to the manufacturing and trading interests.\r\nThese considerations, and many others that might be mentioned prove, and\r\nexperience confirms it, that artisans and manufacturers will commonly be\r\ndisposed to bestow their votes upon merchants and those whom they recommend. We\r\nmust therefore consider merchants as the natural representatives of all these\r\nclasses of the community.

\r\n

With regard to the learned professions, little need be\r\nobserved; they truly form no distinct interest in society, and according to\r\ntheir situation and talents, will be indiscriminately the objects of the\r\nconfidence and choice of each other, and of other parts of the community.

\r\n

Nothing remains but the landed interest; and this, in a\r\npolitical view, and particularly in relation to taxes, I take to be perfectly\r\nunited, from the wealthiest landlord down to the poorest tenant. No tax can be\r\nlaid on land which will not affect the proprietor of millions of acres as well\r\nas the proprietor of a single acre. Every landholder will therefore have a\r\ncommon interest to keep the taxes on land as low as possible; and common\r\ninterest may always be reckoned upon as the surest bond of sympathy. But if we\r\neven could suppose a distinction of interest between the opulent landholder and\r\nthe middling farmer, what reason is there to conclude, that the first would\r\nstand a better chance of being deputed to the national legislature than the\r\nlast? If we take fact as our guide, and look into our own senate and assembly,\r\nwe shall find that moderate proprietors of land prevail in both; nor is this\r\nless the case in the senate, which consists of a smaller number, than in the\r\nassembly, which is composed of a greater number. Where the qualifications of the\r\nelectors are the same, whether they have to choose a small or a large number,\r\ntheir votes will fall upon those in whom they have most confidence; whether\r\nthese happen to be men of large fortunes, or of moderate property, or of no\r\nproperty at all.

\r\n

It is said to be necessary, that all classes of citizens\r\nshould have some of their own number in the representative body, in order that\r\ntheir feelings and interests may be the better understood and attended to. But\r\nwe have seen that this will never happen under any arrangement that leaves the\r\nvotes of the people free. Where this is the case, the representative body, with\r\ntoo few exceptions to have any influence on the spirit of the government, will\r\nbe composed of landholders, merchants, and men of the learned professions. But\r\nwhere is the danger that the interests and feelings of the different classes of\r\ncitizens will not be understood or attended to by these three descriptions of\r\nmen? Will not the landholder know and feel whatever will promote or insure the\r\ninterest of landed property? And will he not, from his own interest in that\r\nspecies of property, be sufficiently prone to resist every attempt to prejudice\r\nor encumber it? Will not the merchant understand and be disposed to cultivate,\r\nas far as may be proper, the interests of the mechanic and manufacturing arts,\r\nto which his commerce is so nearly allied? Will not the man of the learned\r\nprofession, who will feel a neutrality to the rivalships between the different\r\nbranches of industry, be likely to prove an impartial arbiter between them,\r\nready to promote either, so far as it shall appear to him conducive to the\r\ngeneral interests of the society?

\r\n

If we take into the account the momentary humors or\r\ndispositions which may happen to prevail in particular parts of the society, and\r\nto which a wise administration will never be inattentive", 4096}], 2) = 8192 gettimeofday({1236709842, 716393}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLOUT}], 2, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709842, 716473}, NULL) = 0 write(5, ", is the man whose\r\nsituation leads to extensive inquiry and information less likely to be a\r\ncompetent judge of their nature, extent, and foundation than one whose\r\nobservation does not travel beyond the circle of his neighbors and\r\nacquaintances? Is it not natural that a man who is a candidate for the favor of\r\nthe people, and who is dependent on the suffrages of his fellow-citizens for the\r\ncontinuance of his public honors, should take care to inform himself of their\r\ndispositions and inclinations, and should be willing to allow them their proper\r\ndegree of influence upon his conduct? This dependence, and the necessity of\r\nbeing bound himself, and his posterity, by the laws to which he gives his\r\nassent, are the true, and they are the strong chords of sympathy between the\r\nrepresentative and the constituent.

\r\n

There is no part of the administration of government that\r\nrequires extensive information and a thorough knowledge of the principles of\r\npolitical economy, so much as the business of taxation. The man who understands\r\nthose principles best will be least likely to resort to oppressive expedients,\r\nor sacrifice any particular class of citizens to the procurement of revenue. It\r\nmight be demonstrated that the most productive system of finance will always be\r\nthe least burdensome. There can be no doubt that in order to a judicious\r\nexercise of the power of taxation, it is necessary that the person in whose\r\nhands it should be acquainted with the general genius, habits, and modes of\r\nthinking of the people at large, and with the resources of the country. And this\r\nis all that can be reasonably meant by a knowledge of the interests and feelings\r\nof the people. In any other sense the proposition has either no meaning, or an\r\nabsurd one. And in that sense let every considerate citizen judge for himself\r\nwhere the requisite qualification is most likely to be found.

\r\n

PUBLIUS

\r\n
\r\n

Home Contents\r\n Previous Next \r\nIndex

\r\n





















\r\n", 2274) = 2274 gettimeofday({1236709842, 716918}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}, {fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL, revents=POLLIN}], 2, 20000) = 1 gettimeofday({1236709842, 717121}, NULL) = 0 read(5, "", 4096) = 0 close(5) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709842, 717255}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 1, 20000) = 0 gettimeofday({1236709862, 713003}, NULL) = 0 lseek(4, 0, SEEK_SET) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 write(4, "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 14562\r\nDate: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:42 GMT\r\nLast-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2003 10:42:44 GMT\r\nServer: thttpd/2.25b 29dec2003\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\r\nAccept-Ranges: bytes\r\nX-Polipo-Location: http://duskgytldkxiuqc6.onion/fedpapers/federa35.htm\r\nX-Polipo-Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:29:41 GMT\r\nX-Polipo-Access: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 18:30:42 GMT\r\nX-Polipo-Body-Offset: 1024\r\n\r\n\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0", 1024) = 1024 gettimeofday({1236709862, 713727}, NULL) = 0 poll([{fd=3, events=POLLIN|POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLHUP|POLLNVAL}], 1, 1391281) = -1 EINTR (Interrupted system call) --- SIGINT (Interrupt) @ 0 (0) --- sigreturn() = ? (mask now []) gettimeofday({1236709943, 122710}, NULL) = 0 close(4) = 0 exit_group(0) = ?